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1984
George Orwell published Nineteen Eighty-Four in June 1949, seven months before his death from tuberculosis, as a warning rather than a prophecy. The novel imagines Britain absorbed into Oceania, a...
Nineteen Eighty-Four
George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, published in June 1949, has become the twentieth century's standard reference point for describing state power stripped of restraint. Conservatives read it not as a warning...
WW2
The Second World War ran from Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 to Japan's surrender aboard USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, killed between 70 and 85 million...
Woman’s Rights
Woman's rights denotes the body of legal and political claims asserting equal standing for women in property, contract, suffrage, education, employment, and family law. In the Anglo-American world the sequence...
White Privilege
White privilege is the claim that people classified as white receive unearned advantages in societies with a history of racial hierarchy, and that these advantages persist after formal legal discrimination...
Westernization
Westernization is the adoption by non-Western societies of institutions, technologies, laws, manners and habits of mind that originated in Western Europe and its colonial offshoots. It has taken the form...
War Crime
A war crime is a serious violation of the law of armed conflict for which an individual bears personal criminal responsibility. The category covers the deliberate killing of prisoners, the...
Voter ID Laws
Voter identification laws require a person presenting to vote to prove who they are, usually by producing a government-issued document. The requirement is unremarkable across most of the democratic world:...
Voter Fraud
Voter fraud is the deliberate corruption of an election by unlawful means: impersonating another voter, casting ballots in the name of the dead or the departed, buying votes, coercing or...
Vaccines
Vaccination is the practice of inducing immunity to a disease by exposing the body to a weakened, killed, or partial form of the pathogen. It is among the most successful...
War On Drugs
The war on drugs is the name given to the campaign of prohibition, interdiction and criminal enforcement that the United States has pursued against narcotics since Richard Nixon declared drug...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism holds that the right action is the one producing the greatest balance of well-being over suffering, counted impartially, with each person's welfare weighed the same as any other's. Jeremy...
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1984
George Orwell published Nineteen Eighty-Four in June 1949, seven months before his death from tuberculosis, as a warning rather than a prophecy. The novel imagines Britain absorbed into Oceania, a totalitarian superstate ruled by the Party and its unseen figurehead, Big Brother, where the Ministry of Truth rewrites history daily and the secret police monitor citizens through telescreens installed in every home. Winston Smith, a low-ranking Party functionary who edits old newspapers to match the Party's current line, attempts a private rebellion through memory, love, and language, and is broken by torture in the Ministry of Love until he betrays...
Nineteen Eighty-Four
George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, published in June 1949, has become the twentieth century's standard reference point for describing state power stripped of restraint. Conservatives read it not as a warning against any single ideology but as an anatomy of what happens when government claims the authority to define truth, language, and memory. The novel's Oceania is a one-party state that survives by rewriting its own past daily and by narrowing the vocabulary its citizens use to think. Orwell wrote the book while dying of tuberculosis on the Scottish island of Jura, finishing the manuscript in late 1948 and reversing the...
WW2
The Second World War ran from Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 to Japan's surrender aboard USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, killed between 70 and 85 million people, and settled the political shape of the following half-century. For conservatives the war is the decisive case against two propositions they reject: that aggression can be managed by negotiation with regimes that reject the premises of negotiation, and that military strength is a provocation rather than a deterrent. Churchill's argument in the 1930s was not that war was desirable but that the choice had already been narrowed by inaction....
Woman’s Rights
Woman's rights denotes the body of legal and political claims asserting equal standing for women in property, contract, suffrage, education, employment, and family law. In the Anglo-American world the sequence ran from married women's property acts in the 1830s through the suffrage victories of 1918 to 1928 in Britain and 1920 in the United States, to equal-pay and anti-discrimination statutes in the 1960s and 1970s. Conservatives supported and in several cases led these reforms, on the ground that the common-law doctrine of coverture — which merged a wife's legal personality into her husband's — was an inherited defect rather than...